How to reduce your exposure to PFAS: Avoid microwave popcorn, water-resistant makeup, nonstick pans

PFAS are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances used for decades in firefighting foam and to make products such as nonstick cookware, stain-repellent carpets, waterproof jackets and fast-food wrappers that repel oil and grease.

They are commonly known as forever chemicals because they don’t break down in the environment. Some accumulate in human blood and take years to leave the body.

Long-term exposure to tiny concentrations of certain PFAS can trigger testicular and kidney cancer, birth defects, liver damage, impaired fertility, immune system disorders, high cholesterol and obesity, studies have found. Links to breast cancer and other diseases are suspected.

The chemicals are difficult to avoid. They have been found in people and the environment around the world. But government officials and nonprofit groups offer suggestions about how you can reduce your exposure.

• Consider having your drinking water tested. In Illinois alone, more than 8 million people in the state get their water from a utility where at least one forever chemical has been detected. If PFAS are detected in your water, the nonprofit NSF recommends filters capable of reducing concentrations of forever chemicals.
• Household dust is another source of exposure. Use HEPA filters when vacuuming, dust with wet cloths and mops and wash hands frequently, especially before eating.
• Cut back on fast food, greasy carryout food and microwave popcorn because they often come in PFAS-treated packaging.
• Choose cosmetics and other personal care products without “PTFE” or “fluoro” ingredients. Any that claim to be water-resistant likely are made with PFAS. The nonprofit Environmental Working Group maintains a database to help identify which shampoos, dental floss, makeup and other personal care products do and do not contain PFAS and other toxic substances.
• Look for products that haven’t been pretreated to resist stains and skip optional stain-repellant treatment on new carpets and furniture.
• Avoid nonstick cookware and kitchen utensils made with PTFE or PFAS. If the product label says it is PFOA-free, it still might contain other forever chemicals.
• Stain- and water-resistant clothing and outdoor gear can contain PFAS. Look for retailers that have policies restricting use of the chemicals.

Sources: Consumer Reports, Environmental Working Group, Green Science Policy Institute, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.